Surface Active Agents (Surfactants)
The word “Surfactant” is a contraction of the three words “Surface Active Agents.” What is a surfactant? Surfactants are materials that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. In the general sense, any material that affects the interfacial surface tension, can be considered a surfactant, but in the practical sense, surfactants may act as wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
Surface active agents play an important role as cleaning, wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, foaming and anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products, including: paints, emulsions adhesives, inks, biocides (sanitizers), shampoos, toothpastes, firefighting (foams), detergents, insecticides, deinking of recycled papers, ski waxes, spermicides (nonoxynol-9).
So, I kept googling it. For some reason, I could not find ONE thing that mentions the exact combination of either lime or lemon juice plus baking soda / sodium bicarbonate, creating a surfactant. I believe the information could be out there, but I must have spent about 45 minutes looking, and didn't see it.
But what I did find, is confirmation that Alka Seltzer uses Citric Acid (found in lime juice) plus Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) to create Simethicone, which IS a surfactant.
Alka Seltzer PDF showing the ingredients:
http://labeling.bayercare.com/omr/online/alka-seltzer-original.pdf
Is citric acid a surfactant?
From this page: https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/dual-role-of-citric-acid-as-a-binding-inhibitor-of-anionic-surfac
Citric acid has dual role as the binding inhibitor and co-surfactant. Because citric acid is environmentally friendly and cheap chemical, it can be promising additive which increase the applicable reservoir and potential of surfactant EOR.
EOR definition:
Enhanced oil recovery
Description
Dual role of citric acid as a binding inhibitor of anionic surfactant with bivalent cations and co-surfactant on bio-surfactant EOR
Abstract
Surfactin is an anionic surfactant generated by bacteria. Although it has high ability to decrease interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water, it binds with bivalent cations and forms precipitation. Because the precipitation causes the significant reduction of reservoir permeability, surfactin cannot be applied to EOR in oil reservoir whose bivalent cations concentration is more than 100 ppm. This study investigated methods for applying surfactin to reservoir containing bivalent cations with high concentration. Screening of an effective binding inhibitor was carried out by measuring turbidity of the solution containing 0.3 wt% of surfactin, 900 ppm of calcium ion, and inhibitor candidates such as alcohols, chelating agents, cationic surfactants, and ion capturing substances. Influence of the inhibitors on surfactin capacity for decreasing IFT was also evaluated by measuring IFT between the solution and oil. The best inhibitor was finally selected through the injectivity tests using Berea sandstone core which was saturated with calcium solution. EOR potential of the solution containing the inhibitor was evaluated by the core flooding experiments. Citric acid and trisodium citrate inhibited binding of surfactin with calcium ion with lower concentration such as 0.6 wt%, they were selected as potential inhibitors and subjected to the IFT measurements. Both of them had strong potential as co-surfactants of the surfactin because IFT was greatly decreased to less than 0.1 mN/m which was less than a tenth as compared with IFT between the pure surfactin solution and oil. Trisodium citrate however caused significant permeability reduction on the injectivity tests whereas citric acid could be injected into the core without permeability reduction. The high pH value of trisodium citrate solution might cause the dissolution of ferrum and aluminum in the core and the colloids of ferrous hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide were formed in the core, which brought the significant permeability reduction. Citric acid was selected as the best inhibitor and subjected to the core flooding experiments. 25 % of oil remaining after primary recovery was recovered by injecting the solution containing 0.3 wt% of surfactin, 0.6 wt% of citric acid and 900 ppm of calcium ion. Rise in the differential pressure was not found during the injection of the solution, which suggested that citric acid was effective for inhibiting the precipitation in oil reservoir. Moreover, 25 % of recovery factor was 5 % higher than the recovery factor obtained by injecting pure surfactin solution. Citric acid is also effective for enhancing the surfactin capacity for increasing the recovery factor. Citric acid has dual role as the binding inhibitor and co-surfactant. Because citric acid is environmentally friendly and cheap chemical, it can be promising additive which increase the applicable reservoir and potential of surfactant EOR.
Nao Miyazaki, Yuichi Sugai, Kyuro Sasaki, Yoshifumi Okamoto, Chencan Ouyang
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
| Original language | English | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title of host publication | Society of Petroleum Engineers - Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference 2018, ADIPEC 2018 | |||||
| Publisher | Society of Petroleum Engineers | |||||
| Pages | 1-12 | |||||
| Number of pages | 12 | |||||
| ISBN (Electronic) | 9781613996324 | |||||
| Publication status | Published - Jan 1 2019 | |||||
| Event | Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference 2018, ADIPEC 2018 - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Duration: Nov 12 2018 → Nov 15 2018 | What is a Co-surfactant? Or Cosurfactant? | Cosurfactant. Co-surfactants are usually alcohols or amines ranging from C4 to C10 and helps in the formation and stabilization of micelles/microemulsions. From: ... |
I googled "Alka Seltzer" and "COVID," and - as an added bonus, I saw that Dr. Mark Hyman (love him!) recommended Alka Seltzer Gold as one of many things you could do, to help defend yourself against COVID, because it can lower your pH (at least, the type he recommended on his site, which was Alka Seltzer Gold). When I checked, the stuff had a 463 reviews, and a 5 star average on Amazon. Dr. Hyman doesn't mention anything about surfactant properties of Alka Seltzer, but just the fact that the stuff can lower your pH, could be very helpful, I believe, because it seems that the Coronavirus needs an acidic environment to achieve viral fusion and quick replication.
I had no idea what Alka Seltzer was made out of (maybe because I never used it), until I saw this post about citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, on Quora (pasted below). When I used the baking soda and sodium bicarbonate solution, I can tell you that it was super fizzy and bubbly in my throat, and I imagine that's the same thing I'd feel if I drank Alka Seltzer.
Alka-Seltzer - Acid Indigestion Relief
http://labeling.bayercare.com/omr/online/alka-seltzer-original.pdf
Those are the two primary ingredients that make it fizzy and nice for your stomach. Aspirin is added as well for pain relief.
What are the products when Alka Seltzer dissolves in water? Is it water and carbon dioxide, i'm not really sure with that
1 Answer
Carbon dioxide, water, and sodium citrate solution
Explanation:
Alka Seltzer is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and acetyl salicylic acid. The sodium bicarbonate and citric acid are there mainly to create a pleasant tasting fizzy antacid solution. The acetyl salicylic acid is "aspirin", the active ingredient which is a pain killer, and this will only be present in small quantity probably around 250 mg per tablet.
When water is added, the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid are dissolved, forming aqueous ions which react to yield carbon dioxide, water, and the sodium salt of citric acid (sodium citrate). The pH of the final solution is sufficiently basic to act as a remedy for acid stomach and the aspirin simply dissolves in the water, so it can be consumed more easily so that it can fight headaches or similar types of pain.
The reaction is:
Citric acid (aq) + Sodium bicarbonate (aq) -> Carbon dioxide + water + Sodium citrate
Also, I noticed the Lime / baking soda combination created a kind of salty taste in my mouth (which I kind of liked), and apparently that is what happens when you combine the two ingredients of soap.
From Google:
Baking soda and citric acid - American Chemical Society
On Google Patents, you can find a page about: Surfactants derived from citric acid
You can find the book below, by clicking HERE.
A microbiologist might also call it "Activated Sludge."
Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge - Page 252
I think there are people who would say we shouldn't bother with something like this because it's misleading and it's not a cure, but keep in mind that even a vaccine will not be a "cure" either.
When you're in the health and wellness industry, you learn that you have to be extremely careful with the words "cure" or "treatment." The word "cure" has somehow developed the implication that you'll get immediate, permanent results. But I don't believe there is anything that could wipe out covid immediately. But I do believe it could be possible for your immune system to fight it off effectively overnight - to the point where it barely even slows a person down, as long as they are able to "stay ahead of the virus."
In my opinion, the quickest way we will ever find, to recover from COVID-19, would be to use the same method a vaccine uses (your immune system)... but in my opinion, there's a safer and more effective way. Again, this is just my opinion, but its my very strong opinion based everything I've read.
I really believe that the BEST way we can fight the virus is to kill off as much of it as possible, in a way that is safe, and allow your body the time to let your immune system catch up.
The whole point of a vaccine is to introduce a small amount of the virus into your system, and stimulate your own immune response, right? This enables your immune system to develop antibodies to a virus, without worrying about your system becoming overpowered by the virus itself.
But nobody seems to be talking about the fact that there are other ways to accomplish the same goal (making sure the virus doesn't overpower you). If you are able to slow down the spread of the virus, and speed up your own immune system, there's a very good chance you could buy the extra time your body needs, to beat the virus.
https://drhyman.com/blog/2020/03/17/protect-yourself-from-covid-19/
- Theoretically beneficial medically supportive therapies. Some therapies are being suggested based on their mechanism of action such as theophylline (bronchodilator), ARB medication (blood pressure medication), amantadine (anti-viral), and sodium bicarbonate (Alka Seltzer Gold to increase the pH making it harder for a virus to thrive).
Active Ingredients: In Each Tablet: Anhydrous Citric Acid 1000 mg; Potassium Bicarbonate 344 mg; Sodium Bicarbonate (Heat-Treated) 1050 mg Inactive Ingredients: Magnesium Stearate; Mannitol; Each Tablet Contains: Potassium 135 mg; Sodium 309 mg
https://www.livestrong.com/article/484326-sodium-bicarbonate-plus-citric-acid/
Sodium Bicarbonate Plus Citric Acid
Many personal care and pharmacy products contain a mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. While sodium bicarbonate is technically an acidic salt, it acts as a base in the presence of citric acid. The two compounds react with one another to produce bubbles, leading to an effervescent solution when they're mixed with water.
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate is an acidic salt with the chemical formula NaHCO3. Salts are chemical compounds made up of one or more positively charged particles and one or more negatively charged particles; the particles are attracted to one another because of the opposite charges, but in water they separate from one another and react independently. Depending on what else is present in solution, sodium bicarbonate can either act as an acid or as a base, explain Drs. Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham in their book "Biochemistry."
Citric Acid
Citric acid is ubiquitous in nature and has major biochemical significance in the human body, but you don't need to consume it. Your cells make it when you burn carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy. The cells then break down the citric acid they've made to generate the energy molecule ATP -- adenosine triphosphate -- and the waste products carbon dioxide and water. Citric acid is common in foods as a preservative and flavoring agent.
Effervescent Solution
Some dry products like antacid tablets, indigestion tablets and bath drop-ins contain both sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. When these compounds are dry, they don't react with one another. Mixed with water, however, the sodium and bicarbonate separate from one another and the bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid. This produces a compound called carbonic acid, with the chemical formula H2CO3. Carbonic acid is unstable and falls apart, making water and carbon dioxide, which produces bubbles in the solution.
Health Value
The citric acid in effervescent pharmaceutical products is of virtually no nutritional value, since you excrete most of the citric acid you consume via the urine. As long as there's more bicarbonate than citric acid present, the bicarbonate can react with other acids -- like stomach acid -- and help relieve symptoms of heartburn, explains MayoClinic.com. The reason you'll find citric acid in heartburn and indigestion tablets is that the effervescence helps to mask the bitter flavor of ingredients such as aspirin.
I learned, from this video below, that anionic surfactants (what the bombo of baking soda plus lime juice appear to be) are stronger than other types of surfactants.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/anionic-surfactant
20.3.2.1 Anionic Surfactants
Anionic surfactants are all surfactants that carry a negatively charged head group. In principle, any negatively charged functional group that can complex with a counterion may lend itself to be a cationic surfactant. This section lists the most commonly used ones.
Carboxylic Acids. The most commonly used anionic surfactants are based on aliphatic carboxylic acids, which can be derived from naturally occurring animal and plant fats (see Fig. 20.14). Fats as they occur in nature are usually triesters of carboxylic acids and glycerol. These fats can be hydrolyzed using potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, a process that is commonly referred to as saponification (see Fig. 20.13). The term refers to the fact that the resulting substances are what is generally referred to as soap. The carboxylic acids are retrieved as their sodium or potassium salts, which makes them anionic surfactants. They are the main ingredient of soap. Because they can be obtained from fats, these aliphatic carboxylic acids are often referred to as fatty acids.
From this page:
https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/03/03/sourness-scurvy-the-chemistry-of-a-lemon/
https://www.livestrong.com/article/484326-sodium-bicarbonate-plus-citric-acid/
Sodium Bicarbonate Plus Citric Acid
Many personal care and pharmacy products contain a mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. While sodium bicarbonate is technically an acidic salt, it acts as a base in the presence of citric acid. The two compounds react with one another to produce bubbles, leading to an effervescent solution when they're mixed with water.
VIDEO OF THE DAY
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate is an acidic salt with the chemical formula NaHCO3. Salts are chemical compounds made up of one or more positively charged particles and one or more negatively charged particles; the particles are attracted to one another because of the opposite charges, but in water they separate from one another and react independently. Depending on what else is present in solution, sodium bicarbonate can either act as an acid or as a base, explain Drs. Reginald Garrett and Charles Grisham in their book "Biochemistry."
Citric Acid
Citric acid is ubiquitous in nature and has major biochemical significance in the human body, but you don't need to consume it. Your cells make it when you burn carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy. The cells then break down the citric acid they've made to generate the energy molecule ATP -- adenosine triphosphate -- and the waste products carbon dioxide and water. Citric acid is common in foods as a preservative and flavoring agent.
Effervescent Solution
Some dry products like antacid tablets, indigestion tablets and bath drop-ins contain both sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. When these compounds are dry, they don't react with one another. Mixed with water, however, the sodium and bicarbonate separate from one another and the bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid. This produces a compound called carbonic acid, with the chemical formula H2CO3. Carbonic acid is unstable and falls apart, making water and carbon dioxide, which produces bubbles in the solution.
Health Value
The citric acid in effervescent pharmaceutical products is of virtually no nutritional value, since you excrete most of the citric acid you consume via the urine. As long as there's more bicarbonate than citric acid present, the bicarbonate can react with other acids -- like stomach acid -- and help relieve symptoms of heartburn, explains MayoClinic.com. The reason you'll find citric acid in heartburn and indigestion tablets is that the effervescence helps to mask the bitter flavor of ingredients such as aspirin.
Under normal conditions CO2 is a gas and NaOH is solid. To get them to react you would need to dissolve them in water. NaOH is highly soluble in water and fully disassociates and CO2 is only slightly soluble in water; forming very weak carbonic acid H2CO3. So assuming the NaOH is far in excess; H2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O. The reaction itself is reversible as the sodium carbonate formed (Na2CO3) disassociates back into the carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. The main danger with this is that NaOH is highly corrosive and in turn could release H2 gas if it interacts with any metal present.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.